Leadership Activity

II. Reality Check Author tomcat Siebold is a writer and adviser in Minneapolis. He is also co- leter of Collegegrazing. coma site to help college kick teens to learn more ab break through(predicate) what they need and regard in a college. Objective (s) To pinpoint actual leaders bearing and to primp behavior goals How the germ has utilize this exercise I become had success using this exercise as a pre- store self-inquiry activity. I have also utilize it as a homework as point outment. Its strength lies in the detail that it paints a picture of actual behavior and therefore helps the leader watch how he or she buns redistribute behavior. performance Description * Have the participants think well-nigh what they actually do on a daily basis. Then accept them to draw generalizations about how they run their leading cartridge clip. Each participant completes the leaders Behavior Chart below (In blue font). * You can follow up with intact conference or small grouping discussion. The central question is this Is your leaders behavior out of sync with the way that you expression an effective leader should be spending his or her energy? Think about your daily inter natural process with the people who you lead. largely speaking, determine the actual behaviors that define that interaction.Using the hear of behaviors below, determine the amount of meter (in percentages) that you generally spend on for all(prenominal) wizard behavior. Then in the second column, determine what you feel would be idol dispersion of time (in percentages). Behavior Percentage of time spent on each behavior Ideally the percentage of time you would devote to each behavior Informing Directing Clarifying or Justifying Persuading Collaborating Brainstorming or Envisioning Reflecting (Quiet Time for Thinking) Observing Disciplining Resolving interpersonal divergences Praising and/or supporting(a) Follow Up Questi ons 1. Is there a gap between how you should spend your energy and how you actually spend it? 2. Are there some behaviors that are taking up too much of your leadership time? Why? 3. Are there some strategies that you can employ that would move you closer to your ideal distribution of behavior? Options A. some groups may motivation to calculate behavior totals to see how their peers are spending their energy. B. From the thirdly column it is easy to move into a discussion about ideal leader distribution of energy. C. You may also use this same format with both meeting and team interaction.Added thoughts or considerations Since this activity helps participants see what they are actually doing, it helps them translate leadership theory into real behavior. Once participants review their charts it is easier for them to design strategies to array their leadership behavior. impart to Top III. Your leadinghip Calendar Author Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. coma site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s) To extend leadership learning beyond the workshop.How the agent has used this exercise This exercise is a good follow up or homework activity. Activity Description postulate the participants to mark twelve different days on their calendar spread out over four or six months. At the end of each marked day, participants should write shore some leadership behavior (either positive or negative) that they exercised during that day. Each behavior should be followed by a reaction statement that answers two questions How did I feel about my action or behavior? and How does this action or behavior jive with what I know about leadership best practices? Options On each marked day, the participant can send his or her personal leadership comments to a selected partner from the reliable workshop. This is a good method for accountability and feedback. Added thoughts or considerations I nearly always use the schema in the Options section above. When people leave the workshop, they get caught up in daily maintenance and much dont get around to doing the follow up exercises. By having them contact a selected partner from the workshop, it puts a junior-grade pressure on them to follow through. Return to Top IV. Leadership Dance CardAuthor Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. coma site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s) To encourage participants to conversation to one a nonher about specific leadership best practices How the author has used this exercise very simply, I use this activity to get participants to share best practices. This format will work with almost any professional topic. Activity Description Each leader has his or her own style of leadership. Some styles will work for you while others wont. In this activity participants mix with the full group and sign up the names of three other participants on their question dance card. Then during a set period of time (this may be done over an extended break or compensate a lunch period) participants seek out their dance partners to conduct a short leadership interview. They ask each other a set of questions provided by the facilitator and record the responses. Below are some leadership interview questions that I have used in this activity 1. How do you motivate your reports? 2. How do you book your reports meaningfully informed? 3.How do you maintain your teams focus on specific goals? 4. How do you set, clarify, and hold your reports responsible to your expectations? 5. How do you recognize successful work? Note you may want to restrict each interview to one or two questions depending on the amount of time you want to devote to this activity. When the full group reconvenes, the facilitator asks participants to share leadershi p tips and strategies that they picked up in their interviews. The facilitator may want to make a master list of these to pass out later. Options Have the group brainstorm for interview questions to be used in the interviews.Added thoughts or considerations This activity serves many purposes it gets the participants moving around, it connects people, and it is an efficient strategy to share best practices. Return to Top V. aggregate Stage Author Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. coma site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s) To visualize different leadership styles How the author has used this exercise If the group is comfortable with one another, a role play activity can have some impact.I have used this activity to set up my information about leadership styles. However, this same format can be used with a variety of different topics. Activity Description Ask for four offers. One volunteer plays the role of a team member who recently has missed meetings or arrived late. The other three volunteers each play the role of a different kind of leader. To save time I usually take hold the leader volunteers a personality trait from which they can create their persona the by-the-book leader, the self-absorbed leader, the paternalistic leader, the softy, the blamer, the lecturer, the know-it-all, etc.Allow the volunteers to have some time to think about their role. Gather the full group in a circle and place two chairs in the middle. In turn, have each leader demo the team member. Explain the slip to the group before the role playing begins Loren, the late team member, has not only been missing meetings or arriving late, he has also appeared to be very tired and disjointed. Some team members have suggested that Lorens wife is ill, but others say the situation is rooted with Loren himself. As a leader, what is a good way to handle Loren?After all three scenarios have been played out, ask the full group to comment on the different leadership approachesWhat worked? What could the leaders have done differently? How would the ideal leader handle this situation? This activity is a good spring board to exploring different leadership styles. Options You may want to have the full group identify three different role playing situations. Added thoughts or considerations I try to check with some of the participants before the workshop begins to see if the group would be comfortable or willing to engage in a role playing activity. -Return to Top VI. Leaders you Admire Author Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. coma site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s) To seek leadership characteristics through personal experience How the author has used this exercise I have found stories to be a powerful way for participants to connect to the workshop subject matter. Generally people like to tell and hear stories. Activity Description Divide the group into small groups.Ask participants to share a story about the best or most influential leader that they have encountered. After each story, identify leadership characteristics by asking the question What was it that made this person such(prenominal) an effective leader? Then as a group, identify the traits that all the leaders seemed to share. All groups then write the shared traits on a white board. You can use this traits list as a springboard to explore more about what makes a good leader. Options You can ask the groups to share stories about the worst leaders they have encountered.You will get some dandy stories. Added thoughts or considerations I like to insert an activity like this into a workshop when participants are starting to run a little low on energy. A good story swap frequently revives energy. Be sure not to drag this activity out too long . Encourage the participants to include details in their leadership examples. Return to Top VII. Leadership Swap Author Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. coma site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college.Objective (s) To exchange leadership ideas and build participant rapport How the author has used this exercise Sometimes it is helpful to allow the participants to have some time just to swap leadership examples. In short they have some time to portray their own leadership style by giving examples. Activity Description This activity is a structured leadership example exchange. Divide the group into groups of three. From the list of situations below, instruct the groups to take turns giving examples of something they have done or witnessed.Leadership Situations * A imaginative twist on a situation or issue. * A clever improvisationdancing on your feet * A pleasant surprise * An A ha moment * Something that generated a great deal of excitement * A conflict resolved * A breakthrough insight or solution * A really tough situation * A blindside experience * A moving (emotional) situation Options You may want the groups to identify their own Leadership Situations Added thoughts or considerations Remember that this is a set up activity, so dont let it go on too long.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Budgets

Before beginning to comment on the go forfulness of integrated work out, it is important to manage what is the meaning and suggest of budget for a corporation. A budget is basic solelyy a financial plan tool which the transcription uses to plan its expenses from the revenue. A budget is a comprehensive summary of the plotted expenses and revenues of an arrangement which is used throughout the stratum.The main purpose of making a corporate budget is to forecast the revenues and expenditures so that particular strategies and events groundwork be undertaken to achieve similar financial per forgeance (Kemp & Dunbar 2003). The budgeting also enables the organization to comparison the veritable financial action of the business against the forecast.Corporate budget is the annual budget compiled by the organization and is several(predicate) from the start-up budget. It is a budget which is compiled by the finance part of an organization after e actually department contri only whenes its judge revenues and expenses.This way a final corporate budget is drafted through the considerable effort of various heap and technology in the organization and this serves as a financial plan for the new financial course of instruction (Shim & Siegel, 2008). The actual financial performance of the company in numbers is comp argond to the forecasted numbers and if this matches reasonably indeed this nub that budgeting is of good use for the business.But if the actual numbers diverge considerably from the expected numbers then this elbow room that budgeting is non useful for the company and business is not going in the intended direction. Budgeting is basically a tool organizations use for plan and controlling their organizations financial performance.Previously, this task was mostly alter but with changing times it has become a company-wide effort with all the managers and employees contributing to the final budget.The conventional method was the bottom-up approa ch in which the every department provides its expected revenues and request expenses which ar then accommodated into the corporate budget but this approach is now being integrated with the overhaul-down approach to budgeting where the top vigilance defines the strategic objectives and then the budget is prepargond by departments.What usually happens is that budgeting and forecasting starts with the previous years numbers which are incorporated into the new budget.But business are adopting strategic business plan where budget formulation is based on the annual companys objectives and then the budget is planned accordingly to achieve the desired goals for example, the objective is to increase the sales by 10% then more(prenominal) revenues and expenses are forecasted to achieve the increased sales objective (Society for HRM, 2005).This essay lead first start by providing some advantages and disadvantages of budgeting done in organization. Then the statements provided are discu ssed in the light of these advantages and disadvantages. In the final section, an organizations budgeting procedure is critically analyzed and reviewed.Before analyzing the statements regarding budgeting, the following paragraph provides some knowledge on the advantages and disadvantages of corporate budgeting.The first and foremost advantage of budgeting is that is that it forms a link amid the management and resources by compelling the creator to think about the future of the organization so that plans are set out for each department to achieve the targets.Secondly, budgeting is a source of communication from the top management to the department heads and managers about what is expected from them thus, promoting coordination between the two. Budget also serves as a yardstick with which actual financial performance is compared and measured.When there is a variance then it promoted remedial action. It is a way of identifying resources and requirements and providing guidelines to t he departments so that they proceed in the right direction. Managers are able to focus on the specific plans as outlined by the budget so that they can be achieved at bottom the estimated time and resources.When employees are given a chance to participate in the budget proposals then they become motivated and more productive. Proper budgetary planning can also plug that resources are allocated productively, competitively and profitably resulting in cost reductions (Putra, 2008).There are also various drawbacks and problems attached to budgeting within organizations. The first problem to budgeting is that it pressurizes the managers to achieve the targets forcing them to do gaming in order to take advantage of the rewards or collect to the fear that the funds will be minify.Those managers can take the rewards that set for them easy goals but those managers can be penalized who set for them difficult but ambitious goals. Quality and customer service power deteriorate when the orga nization is striving to meet the budgetary targets and not the quality targets.There are also corked labor relations due to budget pressures and conflicts arise between departments due to disputes over resource storage allocation and blames are thrown over each other when targets are not achieved. Due to budgeting managers sometimes overrating the costs as well so that if there is any over expenditure then they are not blamed (Hope & Fraser, 2003).Recently organizations have turned against budgeting. This is because the forecast are very different from the actual results obtained at the end of the year because a business is subject to a lot of internal and outdoor(a) changes throughout the year.With things changing so rapidly in the purlieu, nobody can closely predict what will be the position of the business after one whole year. At the end of the year it seems that planning and drafting the budget was a useless task and waste of time serving no purpose (Jensen 2001).Top manag ement is oft not able to take right decisions when there seems an environmental opportunity due to planned budget constraints. They want to carry on the business according to the planned budget and therefore, neglect the opportunities available at some time in the year.Few corporations have stopped this activity at all thinking that planning budget is a waste of precious organizational resources and time which can be spent elsewhere productively.Non-profit or governmental organizations usually do not use budgets for their planning since much(prenominal) organizations do not work earning revenues and therefore, no planning is required (Whiting 2000). However, few non-profit organizations do plan their expenses so that they can arrange for the required amount of funds through charity or grants.But there are some profit organizations as well who have realized with the passage of time that budgeting especially tralatitious form of budgeting is a waste of time and resources distortin g decision making in fast changing environment (Merchant 1981).Examples include Rhodia, a French global specialty chemicals company which dispensed budgeting entirely in 1999, Borealis, a Danish petrochemicals company which abandoned budgeting in 1995 and Volvo, the Automaker which also abandoned budgeting considering it as time down and waste of resources.Budgeting is not common in smaller organization because they dont know how to use budgets to plan their financial performance and goals (Rachlin 1999).The article titled Why budgeting kills your company? explains in a very concrete manner how budgeting actually consumes organizations financial and human resources which could have been employed elsewhere productively (Gary 2003). It says that the average billion dollar company spends around 25000 person-days per year in drafting the budget whereas this could have been utilized in increasing the shareholder return.Many organizations have begun to question the usefulness of traditio nal form of budgeting and are finding alternative ways for properly aligning the spending with strategy along with reduced time and resources (Bogsnes 2008). Today business of the entire serviceman are facing tough times with the world economy in recession therefore, it is imprudent to justify increased costs for businesses due to budget planning (Schaumann 2007).While planning the budget the top management is mostly seen in cutting expenses even if it is damaging the high-performing units darn only sustains the underperforming ones. The resources are not allocated towards the high performing and deserving projects due to budget planning. Some experts cerebrate that budgeting should be dispensed all together and decisions regarding it should be placed with the employees who are in direct play off with the customers.The entire budgeting process takes a considerable length of time where first each department produces sales and capital needed forecast, then meetings are held to disc uss the budget requests and for making the final decisions, budget books are produced after months of meeting and this all together can take around six months and 20% of the managements time (Gary 2003).Budgeting has become an expensive, time-taking and frustrating task for organizations because it is more like a fixed performance or implicit contract (Neely, Bourne & Adams 2003).And the thing that worsens budgeting even further is that financial incentives like life story prospects and bonuses are attached to such contracts if the goals are achieved.Because of these financial incentives, managers and heads of department are pressurized to achieve the desired targets often resulting in distortion, misrepresentation and gaming on part of the most honest employees.Managers become schemers since they put a proposal of 50% more than the required budget because they know that theyll be argued down by the senior management to the desired level (Belkaoui 1994). Moreover, managers also st art spending too much if their spending does not match the forecasted expenses due to the fear that if there is anything left over then their next year backup will be reduced.

Pregnancy: the Effects of Alcohol and Substance Abuse Essay

AbstractThis story examined the do of intoxi movet and centre of attention ab design on foetal outgrowth in expecting m separates. The critical distributor points of fetal festering during m new(prenominal)hood argon critical reviewed and discussed in order to determine the effectuate intoxi squeeze outt and affection can pass water during certain stages. In order to gain a to a greater extent efficient understanding of the effects dissimilar substances can hurt on fetal victimization the following substances were analyse (1) inebriant, (2) cocaine, (3) opioids, (4) nicotine (smoking), and (5) hemp sativa (marijuana). Each substance (previously listed) examined was provided with supporting evidenced of bypast seek. educational (i.e. physical and mental) impairments were entrap to be normal amongst the general people of new natural babes and children loose to intoxicantic beverage and drug substances in utero. Use of inebriant and drug substances during pregnancy non only put expecting renders own health at guess, but their foet maps as well. Providing expecting returns with proper word for alcohol and substance use has proven to be an impressive method in reducing the fortune of impairing their foetuss study (i.e. physical, and mental) during pregnancy and later into childhood. It is essential to provide general awargonness to the public intimately the affects that alcohol and substance abuse can have on fetal schooling and help enceinte women seek proper portion out.Pregnancy The Effects of Alcohol and Substance call on fetal Development nowadays alcohol and substance abuse is continuing to in buckle across the general population, particularly among expecting mothers (Cohen &Inaba, 2007). m some(prenominal) infants being born today suffer from operose physical, mental, and behavioral de airities and impairments due(p) to alcohol and substance video in utero (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). enquiry has been continuously c onducted in order to examine the effects different substances can have on a developing foetuses growth (i.e. physical, mental, and behavioral) in utero and after birth.The legal age of their findings indicate a impregn adequate to(p) correlation between the time, type and amount of substances mothers use during their pregnancy and the effects it has on their fetuses (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). The end of this paper is to address these issues through some(prenominal) different concepts (a) first, what ar the critical levels of development in utero?, (b) an in profoundness review on substances associated with fetal impairments (i.e. alcohol, cocaine, opioids, nicotine, and cannabis sativa (marijuana)), supported by scientific evidence and possible interference, and (d) siteing substance abuse in expecting mothers and reducing harm to the fetus.Critical Periods of Fetal DevelopmentThe first critical end of fetal development is known as the germ cell period. This begins when a spe rm and egg fall in and their genetic information is fused together (Office of Childrens health Protection, 2003). During this period moving picture to any form of toxicant substances (i.e. alcohol and drug substances) can potentially harm the germ cells development. This can have a direct touch on not only the mothers fertility, but to a fault her early childs health (Office of Childrens Health Protection, 2003). After the germ cells have developed past what is known as a single-cell zygote, they argon now identified as a fetus (meaning they atomic number 18 capable of living outside of the mothers womb) and have reached the embryonic and fetal period of development (Office of Childrens Health Protection, 2003). The fetus grows change magnitudely fast during this period, be begin it is consider more vulnerable to environmental and substance moving pictures than during other stages of development (Office of Childrens Health Protection, 2003). This is due to the fact that maj or organs atomic number 18 beginning to form, grow and develop, which forget hold out throughout the remainder of the pregnancy and infancy (Office of Childrens Health Protection, 2003).Disruption of development (i.e. environmental toxins and substances) during this period can ready major defects in the structure of developing organs (i.e. brain cellular structure, lungs, heart, kidney, and etc.), and other important structures (i.e. bones and muscles). This whitethorn result in the death of the fetus or cause bleak physical malformations (i.e. congenital abnormalities) or mental impairments (i.e. disorders) (Office of Childrens Health Protection, 2003). As the stages of prenatal development progress, icon to environmental toxins and substances can result in the fetus developing an array of defects and deficiencies that can continue after birth and up through adulthood (i.e. physical, mental, and behavioral) (Office of Childrens Health Protection, 2003).It is clear that expect ing mothers need to be conscious of what they expose their fetuses to in utero so they develop properly. It is imperative that expecting mothers avoid the use of any alcohol or other drug substances during their pregnancy. Each period of development for a fetus is critical and exposure to alcohol and substances can significantly reduce their prognosis of being born and living a effectual smell (Office of Childrens Health Protection, 2003).The Effects of Different Substances on Fetal DevelopmentExpecting mothers need to be cautious of what they expose their ripening fetus to throughout the entire pregnancy. Disruption of proper fetal development can cause severe deformities in the fetus physically, mentally, and behaviorally (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Expecting mothers ingest alcohol and drug substances leave their fetus susceptible to severe developmental impairments (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). The following argonas lead be covered in this section (1) fetal exposure to alcohol, (2) feta l exposure to cocaine, (3) fetal exposure to opioids, (4) fetal exposure to nicotine, and (5) fetal exposure to cannabis sativa (marijuana).Fetal Exposure to AlcoholWhen expecting mothers consume alcohol they be immediately putting their fetuss health at risk. Essentially they argon leaving their fetus susceptible to not only structural deformities, but in addition a variety of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) (Feldman, pg.76, 2011). Out of all of the FASDs, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most common. Statistics indicate that over 0.33-2.9 cases per 1,000 births have FAS (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). FAS typically results in the fetus developing the following puzzles (1) severe abnormalities in physical, neurological and behavioral functioning and development, (2) severely reduced weight and cranium size, (3) deformities of the face and other body parts (otherwise known as dysmorphia), and (4) are at higher risk for emergent baby Death Syndrome (SIDS) (Feldman, pg.76, 2011 ). In essence exposure to alcohol can significantly affect a fetus internal and external body structure, can cause neurological and behavioral abnormalities, and however physical deformities. Research Kenneth Jones (1986) supports this assumption through his studies on FAS.Jones (1986) findings counsel that FAS effects the development of the fetuss brain and facial nerve/bodily structures during utero and after birth. Typically children will be diagnosed with moderate to severe mental retardation due to structural deformities in their the brain (i.e. microcephaly, short palpebral fissures, and etc.) or they will be identified as having severe facial dysmorphia (i.e. long smooth philtrum, thin vermilion of the upper lip, joint anomalies, altered palmar crease pattern, and etc.) (Jones, 1986). Jones (1986) concluded that over 40% of infants who are born are born to alcoholic mothers, whom are hence diagnosed with FAS. However, it is possible for doctors to reduce the chances of ch ildren developing FAS and other FASDs through tour of duty forms of treatment. The legal age of times children are more susceptible to developing FASD due to the doctors inability to clearly identify the expecting mothers level of drinking (Bakhireva & Savage, 2011).If physicians are disposed(p) the capability to identify expecting mothers regular drinking patterns they can provide her with alternative methods to drinking and reduce the risk of her child develop an FASD (Bakhireva & Savage, 2011). Bakhireva & Savage (2011) found that in identifying expecting mothers drinking levels, physicians would be able to detect the fetuss risk for developing FASD and other neurobehavioral disorders later in life and prevent it. Bakhireva & Savage (2011) findings suggest that there are biomarkers that are more sensitive to alcohol metabolism, which are capable of detecting the alcohol in tissue types for longer periods of time since the mother last drank. This will and then assist physician s in diagnosing fetal alcohol exposure and possible damage to the fetus, which will then help them blot what preventive measures need to be taken. Developing new methods of detection and prevention of FASD is one of the most effective way of lifes to help children avoid severe developmental impairments. Expecting mothers also need to be informed of the redress that alcohol exposure can cause and seek the necessary care.Fetal Exposure to CocaineToday over 558,000 expecting mothers abuse cocaine (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). The National Survey on do drugs Use and Health (NSDUH)(2005) cited by Cohen & Inaba (2007) determined that there was a 4% rate of cocaine use among women in their first trimester, 3% among those in their second trimester, and 2% among those in their third trimester. Because of this expecting mothers need to turn over aware of how cocaine can affect their developing fetus. Typically the stimulants in cocaine affect the fetuss heart, which legislates to blood watercraf t to constriction. This causes jaundiced elevations of blood pressure in both the mother and fetus (Cohen & Inaba, 2011). For the fetus there life is put at great risk. This is because the mothers body will stop the flow of any blood, nutrients, or oxygen from reaching the fetus and can cause retarted fetal development or even a stroke within the fetuss brain (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). This type of constriction can also annex the chances of the mother having a oral abortion (due to the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall) or a unseasonable rescue (in close to cases (typically the third trimester) cocaine can induce labor) (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Even when an infant makes it through delivery the majority of them suffer from severe onanism symptoms.Signs of withdrawal typically consist of (1) extreme agitation and irritability, (2) active movement and high respiratory rates, (3) seizures and tremors, and (4) uncontrollable sweating and crying (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Alt hough physical deformities are common amongst the majority of substances infants are exposed do during utero, cocaine has been found to cause the most damage neurologically. Typically children exposed to cocaine show an increase in neurobehavioral disorganization, irritability, and poor people language development (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). In fact queryers Brown, Bakeman, Coles, Sexson, & Demi (1998) studied the effects of cocaine and alcohol exposure during utero on mothers newborn infants and how it modify their birth weight, length, ponderal index, and irritability levels. Researchers found that exposed infants showed an increase in fetal growth deficits, infant orientation, and irritability and a cliff in respiratory rate and proper motor development (only affected by cocaine exposure) (Brown, Bakeman, Coles, Sexson, & Demi, 1998).Cocaine exposure clearly has a severe effect on fetal development. Therefore it is essential that preventive techniques be discussed and reviewed for expecting mothers who are using. Just like alcohol use, there are methods to testing expecting mothers for cocaine use. The most commonly used methods are urine toxicology and serum toxicology, which helps detect metabolite benzoylecgonine (substance found in cocaine) from 72 mos to two weeks after the mother has used (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). In the majority of states today it is mandatory for expecting mothers to be routinely screened for drug use during prenatal doctor visits.In some states a domineering test beforehand delivery results in the arrest and incarceration of the expecting mother (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). Most health care providers, however, have argued that women should be given proper drug counseling, confidential screening, and referral for treatment and case attention earlier than criminal penalties (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). That way expecting mothers can receive the necessary treatment to help make sure the fetus is not harmed anymore than it already has. Essentially whe n it comes to cocaine use, expecting mothers, and what preventive measures to take, proper screening and treatment are most effective in making sure a fetus develops properly and is born goodly.Fetal Exposure to OpioidsOpioids are the most common substance used by expecting mothers. Heroin and methadone are the two most abused. It is assumed that each year there are over 7000 opiate-exposed babies being born (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). Typically expecting mothers will continue to use opioids throughout their pregnancy. When expecting mothers use opioids it usually takes less than one hour for the substance to reach the placental barrier. After only 6 hours it is common for not only the mother to experience withdrawal symptoms, but her fetus as well (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). As the mother goes through withdrawal the substance epinephrine may increase in the amniotic sacks fluid, which could cause severe damage to the growing fetus (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). Continued use of opioids throughout a pregn ancy usually results in the following (1) fetal growth retardation, (2) premature abruption of the placenta (which leads to premature delivery, spontaneous abortion, miscarriage, or stillbirth), (3) neurobehavioral abnormalities (i.e. abnormal sleep patterns, behavioral problems, poor motor skills, learning disorders, mental retardation, and others), and (4) greater risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (Cohen & Inaba, 2007).In some cases opioid use can cause the infant to experience Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) (severe withdrawal after delivery). It can last from 48-72 hours to days, weeks, or even months. It all depends on how much the mother exposed her infant to during utero (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Symptoms of NAS are much more intense than an infant who may be withdrawing from nicotine or marijuana. When an infant is experiencing NAS they will screening the following characterisitcs (1) extreme hyperactivity, agitation and irritability, (2) high-pitched crying, swe ating and tremors, (3) intense muscle spasms, (4) restlessness, (5) increased respiration, (6) vomiting, and diarrhea, and (7) severe seizures, which may lead to death (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). If an infant successfully makes is through withdrawal they are capable of being cleaned of any opioid substance that they were exposed to during utero.Just as there are preventive measures for expecting mothers using alcohol or cocaine, there are preventive measures for mothers who use opiates. Today there are several clinical options for management of opiate use during pregnancy (1) methadone maintenance, (2) the use of buprenorphine and naltrexone, and (3) opioid detoxifyification (usually done during the mothers second trimester) (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). Although not all risks to the fetus are eliminated with these types of treatment, the use of methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone does help reduce the amount of spontaneous abortions and transmission of infections that opiate use usually caus es (Bhuvaneswar, 2008). The main purpose of these methods is to essentially stop the mother from using altogether and reduce the chances of NAS when the child is born. If the expecting mother is able to detox and stop opiate use the chances of her child being born healthy is greater.Fetal Exposure to NicotineThere are over 2,000 different compounds that can be identified in one cigarette. Regardless of the many unhealthy substances contained in one cigarette, more than 17% of expecting mothers still smoke throughout their pregnancy (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Cigarettes contain both nicotine and carbon dioxide. Which are two known compounds capable of crossing over the placental barrier during pregnancy and reducing the fetuses supply of oxygen (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). However, restriction of oxygen to the fetus is only one concern. The expecting mother is also increasing her chances of having a premature delivery, miscarriage, or even a stillbirth. Nevertheless, premature births are the m ost common occurrences among expecting mothers who smoke (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Infants who are born prematurely are abnormally small on average they weigh, 7 ounces less, are 1.4 centimeters shorter, and have a smaller head circumference compared with babies of nonsmoking and non-drug-abusing mothers (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Although less common than exposure to other drug substances, smoking can cause a variety of defects.The most typical are as follows (1) congenital abnormalities (heart malformation, cleft lip/palate), (2) brain damage and nerve damage, (3) depressed immune system, (4) poor cognitive abilities (i.e. learning disabilities), and (5) increase chance of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Typically though cognitive abilities are most likely to be impaired. In fact researcher Karen Law (2003) studied the effects nicotine exposure can have on a fetuses neurobehavioral development after birth. Law (2003) found that the infants who were exposed to n icotine during utero were more excitable and hypertonic and showed higher stress levels and abstinence signs when born. Shea & Steiners (2008) research on the effects of prenatal exposure to nicotine found the same results as Law (2003). Shea and Steiners (2008) findings indicated that the nicotine from cigarettes directly affects the fetuss placental vasculature.This can lead to cognitive and learning deficits in childhood and adolescents, increased risk of hypoxia induced brain damage, and an increased chance of perinatal mortality or even sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (Shea & Steiner, 2008). Law (2003) and Shea and Steiner (2008) suggest that big(predicate) women need to avoid smoking during pregnancy in order to prevent serious impairments in neurodevelopment of their fetus. To the majority of expecting mothers exposing their fetuses to nicotine seems much less irresponsible than if they were to expose them to a substance like cocaine or heroine. However, research shows t hat smoking can and will affect expecting mothers children. May be not to the same extent as cocaine or heroine, but to a point where your child will still be incapable(p) of proper development. Fetal Exposure to Cannabis Sativa (marijuana)It is said that over 17% of expecting mothers smoke marijuana (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). about mothers condone their use of marijuana throughout their pregnancy, because it is said to help reduce pain when labor occurs. umpteen people would suggest that the majority of studies today imply that the use of marijuana during pregnancy causes only tokenish side effects to the overall health of a fetus. Therefore, it is acceptable for mothers to use when pregnant. This is not true. Jutras-Aswad, DiNieri, Harkany, & Hurd, (2009) studied the use of marijuana during pregnancy and the affects it can have on the fetus during utero and after birth. Researchers did this by examining the endocannabinoid (eCB) system and the effects it has on childrens behavior and mental health. Research indicated that eCB has a direct effect on the fetuses telephone exchange nervous systems (CNS) patterning by influencing migration, survival, and differentiation of committed neurons.Researchers sight that eCB affects the neuronal systems that control mood, cognition, reward, and goal directed behavior. This then effects the fetuss brain development, which leaves them vulnerable to severe behavioral problems and neuropsychiatric disorders more so than others after birth. After reviewing this research it obvious that marijuana can have a direct impact on the fetuses brain development (Jutras-Aswad, DiNieri, Harkany, & Hurd, 2009). Although the affects may not be apparent during a mothers pregnancy, they are clearly identified later in infancy and childhood. In fact previous research conducted by Richardson, Day, and Goldschmidt (1995) studied the effects of marijuana use during pregnancy. Children who had been exposed to marijuana during utero were asses sed repeatedly during the neonatal period until the age of six. Results indicated that prenatal marijuana exposure became apparent around ages four through six. There was an increase in childrens behavioral problems (i.e. affected their goal directed behavior, planning, organized search, and impulse control) and a decrease in their performance on visual perceptual tasks, language comprehension, sustained attention, and memory (Cohen & Inaba, 2007).These findings support the possibility that marijuana use during pregnancy can have an effect on childrens neurological development (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). So like many other drugs, it is strongly recommended that expecting mothers avoid the use of marijuana. Identifying & Providing Treatment for Substance Abuse in Expecting Mothers After reviewing the effects of alcohol and other drug substances on fetal development it is evident that expecting mothers need to abstain from substance use throughout their pregnancies. Rassool & Villar-Luis (2006) further support this assumption through their review on the effects that substance abuse can have on fetal development. Researchers identified several drug substances (i.e. alcohol, cocaine, opioids, nicotine, and cannabis) and found direct causes each substance has on expecting mothers fetuses after birth. Researchers discovered the following primary concerns for each substance (1) alcohol use can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome and possible miscarriage of the fetus, (2) cocaine, opioids, and nicotine can cause perinatal complications and unwanted abortions, and (3) cannabis sativa (marijuana) can cause perinatal complications (miscarriage), intrauterine growth restrictions, abruption placentae, pre-term deliveries, and neurobehavioral abnormalities.After reviewing each substance and potential damage it can cause the Rassool & Villar-Luis (2006) suggest that different measures of prevention should be taken by expecting mothers to reduce the risk of harming their fetus. There are forms of prevention and treatment to help expecting mothers reduce the risk of harming their fetuss development. The most efficient way to help expecting mothers find treatment is through using the necessary screening techniques in which physicians can identify alcohol or substance abuse (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). By insideng so physicians can provide proper intervention, treatment, and preventive services to substance abusing mothers (Cohen & Inaba, 2007).Typically expecting mothers who use drugs during pregnancy are classified as AODs (i.e. pregnant women who use alcohol and other drugs). The most commonly used instrument to identify AODs was developed by Dr. ire Chasnoff (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). It is known as the 4Ps Plus Instrument, which consists of four basic questions that essentially help identify AODs (Cohen & Inaba,2007). The questions are listed down the stairs 1.) Did either of your parents ever have a problem with alcohol or drugs? 2.) Does your partner have problem wi th alcohol or drugs? 3.) Have you ever drunk beer, wine, or liquor?4.) In the month before you knew you were pregnant, how many cigarettes did you smoke? In the month before you knew you were pregnant, how much beer, wine, or liquor did you drink? in one case women with AOD are identified they can properly be treated in order to protect the mother and the growing fetus. Treatment may not seem effective once the expecting mother has already exposed her fetus to alcohol or other substances, but that is not true. Although the fetus is still at risk for some developmental damage it is still possible to stop any more from occurring if the mother shekels using. Researchers Mayet, Morgan, MaCormack, & Strang (2008) have support for this assumption through their assessment of mothers who exposed their children to substances during utero and then proceeded to attended perinatal habituation treatment throughout the remainder of their pregnancy. Researchers administered a cross-sectional aud it of health-care records in order to compare the outcomes of women in 20022005 with data from 19891991 and the local (i.e. non-substance abusing women) maternity population in 20042005.Research found that less newborns required treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in 20022005 compared to 19891991. However, there were higher rates of miscarriages, low birth weights, and premature infants, compared to the local maternity population between 20042004. Findings suggest that perinatal dependances treatment can be extremely right to mothers abusing substances. It lowers the risk of the mother harming her fetus by reducing the amount of drug substances she exposes her fetus to. It also suggests that addiction treatments are becoming more evolved and are better servicing people compared to 1989-1991. In helping women become abstinent from substance use during their pregnancy it will help both them and their child live a healthier life during and after birth.ConclusionIn concl usion, it is clear that alcohol and substance use is an increasing problem for the population of expecting mothers. As discussed in the paper the majority of expecting mothers are exposing their fetuses to the followings substances (1) alcohol, (2) cocaine, (3) opioids, (4) cigarettes (nicotine), and (5) cannabis sativa (marijuana). Expecting mothers are oblivious(predicate) that they are putting their growing fetus at risk for severe developmental deformities and impairments (i.e. physical, mental, and behavioral) due to much(prenominal) exposure in utero and after birth. Not only that, but mothers are increasing their chances of premature deliveries, miscarriages, spontaneous abortions, and stillbirths. Even if their child makes it through delivery the majority of them experience severe Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS), Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), or are born with disorders like fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) (Cohen & Inaba, 2007).However, there are preventive measures that can be taken to avoid substance-abusing mothers risking their fetuss developmental health. If physicians are able to identify expecting mothers substance use they will be able to give them proper a treatment and care. This will help reduce the chances of the mother impairing her fetuss development any further (Cohen & Inaba, 2007). Mothers will also be able to get clean and raise their child in a healthy environment. Although it may seem impossible, there are ways to help expecting mothers properly nourish their child second to health even when it comes to substance abuse.ReferencesBakhireva, L. N., & Savage, D. D. (2011). Focus on Biomarkers of fetal alcohol exposure and fetal alcohol effects. Alcohol Research & Health, 34(1), 56-63. Bhuvaneswar, Chaya (2008). Cocaine & opioid use during pregnancy Prevalence & Management. Prime Care Companion J. clinical Psychiatry. 10(1) 5965. Brown, J. V., Bakeman, R., Coles, C. D., Sexson, W. R., & Demi, A. S. (1998). Maternal drug use dur ing pregnancy Are preterm and full-term infants affected differently?. developmental Psychology, 34(3), 540-554. doi10.1037/0012-1649.34.3.540 Cohen, W.E., & Inaba, D.S. (2007). Uppers, downers, all arounders (6th ed.). Medford, OR CNS publications, Inc. Feldman, R. S. (2011). Development across the life span (6th ed.). Upper saddleback roof River, NJ Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN0558937071. Jones, K.L. (1986). Fetal alcohol syndrome. Department of Pediatrics 8122-126. Jutras-Aswad, D., DiNieri, J. A., Harkany, T., & Hurd, Y. L. (2009). Neurobiological consequences of maternal cannabis on human fetal development and its neuropsychiatric outcome. European Archives Of Psychiatry And Clinical Neuroscience, 259(7), 395-412. doi10.1007/s00406-009-0027-z Law, K.L. (2003). Smoking during pregnancy and newborn neurobehavior. Pediatrics Vol. 111 1318-1323. Mayet, S., Groshkova, T., Morgan, L., MacCormack, T., & Strang, J. (2008). Drugs and pregnancyOutcomes of women engaged with a specialist perinatal outreach addictions service. Drug And Alcohol Review, 27(5), 497-503. doi10.1080/09595230802245261 Rassool, G., & Villar-Lus, M. M. (2006). Reproductive risks of alcohol and illicit drugs An overview. Journal Of Addictions Nursing, 17(4), 211-213. doi10.1080/10884600600995242 Shea, A. K., & Steiner, M. (2008). Cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Nicotine & tobacco plant Research, 10(2), 267-278. doi10.1080/14622200701825908 TheOffice of Childrens Health Protection (2003).Critical periods in development. ICF Consulting, Inc.

Technological Convergence in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technological Convergence in Business - Essay ExampleIn addition, it can be observed that one of the majority productive benefits that latest technology has provided in interpersonal and e-communication aspects of trading plane section now is definitely the pace of communication among pedigreees. Since the time required in initiating and getting communication from diverse concern units has lessened during the previous few decades. Thus, this thing just confirms that since latest technology progresses, with the pace of the pedigree communication capabilities having great influence on interpersonal communication aspects (Free Articles Directory., 2011). This paper will discuss how spot technological events in the last century have changed the way business communication is done by the businesses. Overview During the previous few years, peoples way of communication has altered extremely. Latest technologies which were on the edge have turned into adamantly a majority. In this e- communication era the development of the internet technology has been contrasted with the denudation of the printing-press with respect to its basic affect on how business information is created, utilized and distributed across the world. In addition, this intercontinental system and its connected technologies have had an immense influence on business communications, and, next to this, evolutions in the areas of digital imaging technology, digital information processing and storage, and development computerization have expressed again how businesses egest at either phase of the development (Moukoko, 2011). Moreover, at the moment in this competitive environment every business (regardless of its nature and size) enjoys some type of web based or online existence, offering their clients access to a strong and unlimited client support. Currently, the United Kingdom invests 30 billion yearly on online businesses. In this scenario, e-commerce structures imply that clients are qualifi ed to buy products and valuable services by clicking a button, and that the company is able to design an impressive performance of client actions. The entire of these technology based evolutions have modernized business communications approximately further than conviction. These capabilities have enhanced interpersonal skills and electric communication in business infrastructure. Furthermore, to improvise business interpersonal skills and e-communication the technology of social networking is possibly the majority modern exhortation indoors business communications. At the present, companies know that websites similar to Twitter and Facebook are advertising areas they are able use, as well as that they may perhaps as well utilize these websites for networking purposes in addition to clients dealings. Thus, collectable to massive innovations in technology business communications has altered much, and will persist to act as technology develops (Moukoko, 2011). In this era technology looks to be overexcited because of steady developments. Innovative technologies are cosmos introduced continually, as well as the influence this can have upon the field of business communication is immense. Since technology persists to go ahead, it is imperative to appreciate the implication of technology inside the area of business communication. In the business communication technological convergence brought following innovations (eHow, 2011 McGrath, 2008 Management Study Guide, 2011) Pace Because technology has developed a

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Paraphrase - Essay Examplebecause of the carelessness of Sprint, he sustained an injury in the left-hand(a) ankle, pain, nervousness, emotional distress, and anxiety of body and mind which are disabling, progressive and permanent.According to OSHA standards, there must be regulations concerning the guarding of scandalize and wall jammings that may harm any individual within the workplace. According to the guidelines, when a floor hole cover is non in place, then the hole ought to be protected by a removable standard barricade or someone must be allocated at the given spot, to deter other individuals (www.osha.gov). Despite this, Sprint did not consent to the negligence claim based on lose of OSHA standards. Moreover, an employee of Sprint completed an disaster report the same day (May 28, 1997) the accident took place, but it was protected by the work product and attorney-client privileges.The verdict was Sprint was not at fault, and Mr. Ratcliff was completely at fault. This was in raise of Sprint. This was based on the fact the sufficiency of evidence claim was meritless as Mr. Ratcliff stepped into a hole that was visible and his claimed injury was caused before the incident and mental condition. According to the testimony of Mr. Bondurant, he was splicing wires with his feet in the opening when the incident took place. Moreover, multiple witnesses saw him working in the hole, and they knew where the hole was. Nevertheless, the trial court did not neglect its judgment in acknowledging evidence of workers compensation claim, as well as the exclusion of an incident report. In addition, the courts exclusion of OSHA regulations was a not a detrimental mistake. Mr. Ratcliff announced his pecuniary condition into the case when asked by his lawyer on direct examination concerning his failure to get health check attention, and he uttered that he could not afford that option this is an exception to the general rule of inadmissibility of validatory source e xpenses. The defense was able to attack this

Parkinson's Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Parkinsons Disease - Essay ExampleThis malady is accompanied by a depletion of nerve cells in the substantia nigra. It is a neurological condition, in which there is decline in the dopamine levels of the brain. The outcome is a large number of problems relating to the voluntary movement in muscles. The booster cable symptom of Parkinsons disease is impaired physical movement. In addition, some patients organise loss of understanding, and a poor comprehension of involved sentences which has been ascribed to shortcomings in grammatical processing (Angwin, Chenery and Copland 239 240).It is a long term chronic disease. Presently, there is no neuroprotective or regenerative treatment for this disease. The medical management of this disease is consequently, limited to improving the tincture of life of individuals afflicted with Parkinsons disease. Many strategies have been developed to reduce the impact of the disease and to kindle the quality of life of its patients. The recent trend has been to garner the subjective experience of persons suffering from this disease and to develop therapeutic methods that rely on the patients perspective (Schrag 151).Neurosurgery provides considerable relief, in respect of the symptoms of Parkinsons disease. The chief techniques, employed in such interventions be deep brain stimulant drug, which involves the exercise of control over specific symptoms, via electronic stimulation. The transmission of anomalous signals is prevented in this technique. The instrument utilized in such stimulation has been termed as a brain pacemaker. Another important technique is thalamotomy, in which some genres of tremor are curbed by effecting a lesion on a part of the brain. Finally, pallidotomy is a surgical procedure that reduces dyskinesias, by marrow of a cerebral lesion (Parkinsons disease - treatment).Several drugs are available, which have been seen to be reasonably effective in alleviating the symptoms of Parkinsons disease.

Rare Earth Minerals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

R ar Earth Minerals - prove ExampleAccording to the IUPAC, these elements include Yttrium, Scandium and the fifteen Lanthanoids of the periodic table. Yttrium and Scandium exhibit confusable physical and chemical properties. They usually exist in their compound forms in the same ore deposits and that is the reason wherefore they are termed as rare (Saunders, p23). With the exception of the radio active promethium, the rest of the rare flat coat minerals are relatively plentiful and they are distri scarcelyed all over the earths crust inform of ores or minerals. Centum is one of the rare earths element, however, it is the 25th most abundant element with a dousing of 68 part per million (Saunders, p24). Due to their geochemical properties, these elements are greatly dispersed all over the earths crust and are only found in traceable amounts which can be economically mined in the forms referred to us rare earth minerals. The question that we should asks ourselves, is wherefore the united States hire and ante up china to ship in these minerals to manufacture products such as missiles even though they are as distributed across the globe? It should be noted, that most countries score little interest to mine and exploit these elements since they have several negative effects on the surrounding. One of the most dangerous decamps resulting from the exploitation of these minerals is the radioactive waste byproducts which many countries still can not handle (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency p37). This is the reason why the U.S. shut down its largest rare mineral mine at the Mountain Pass California. Currently, China is the direct producer of cheap electronic gadgets made from these rare earth minerals mined at high environmental costs. What is their worth? The prices of the rare earth minerals increased significantly between January and August 2010 by an average of ccc per cent. For example, the Samarium, a rare mineral that aids navigation in M1A2 Abrahams tanks ha s increased from $4.5 per kg to $34 per kilogram (Geological review(US), p61). This is attributed to the artificial intervention by the Chinese government. Most of the industries all over the world including the U.S. industries have been resettled to China because the Chinese manufacturing firms that utilize the rare earth minerals enjoy monopoly powers. Some of the industries that have relocated to China due to Tax break and Quotas include Diaodo Electronics (Japan), Rhodia Group (France), General Electric (USA) and New Material technology (Canada) (Geological survey(US), p62). Foreign international firms have collaborated with the Chinese local enterprises since the Quotas system only relate to raw materials but not the finished or partially finished rare earth minerals products. A Chinese investor, Rogers, told Indian business television, that The future of the rare earth is great. What is happening is the prices are going through the roof because the Chinese do control the su pply. But it is a pure simple capitalistic economics now (Geological survey (US), p64). Production of the rare earth mineral across the world The current survey that was conducted established that the get amount of rare earth minerals in the entire world is approximately 99 million tones. The join States and China are the key producers of these reserves. China controls about 36 million tones, which is 30 per cent of the list